Propagation of scalar and tensor gravitational waves in Horndeski theory

TL;DR

This paper develops higher-order corrections to the geometrical optics approximation for gravitational wave propagation in Horndeski theory, providing a more accurate framework to probe dark energy effects on gravitational waves.

Contribution

It introduces a formulation for higher-order corrections in geometrical optics within Horndeski theory, enhancing the analysis of gravitational wave propagation beyond the standard approximation.

Findings

Derived evolution equations for scalar and tensor gravitational wave amplitudes.

Identified conditions under which sound cones are aligned with background time slices.

Simplified equations for gravitational waves in Generalized Brans-Dicke theories.

Abstract

Gravitational waves travel through the distributions of matter and dark energy during propagation. For this reason, gravitational waves emitted from binary compact objects serve as a useful tool especially to probe the nature of dark energy. The geometrical optics approximation is a conventional way of investigating wave propagation. However, the approximation becomes less accurate as the wavelength approaches the curvature radius of the background, which can occur in generic situations. In this paper, we suggest a formulation for higher-order corrections of the geometrical optics expansion, applied to Horndeski theory which accommodates many dark energy models. At the level of the background, assuming that the derivative of the scalar field is non-vanishing and timelike, we choose the time slices to coincide with the contours of the scalar field. This choice of the background time slices is advantageous as the sound cones of both scalar and tensor gravitational waves are upright with respect to the background time slices whenever the scalar field behaves as a perfect fluid. We then analyze the equations of motion for scalar and tensor components of gravitational waves at the leading and next-to-leading order in the geometrical optics expansion, deriving the evolution equations for their amplitudes under certain conditions. In particular, for Generalized Brans-Dicke theories, we find a simple description of equations for gravitational waves in terms of an effective metric.