A novel multi-party semiquantum private comparison protocol of size relationship with d-dimensional single-particle states

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new multi-party semiquantum private comparison protocol using d-level single-particle states, enabling size relationship comparison among multiple classical users with minimal quantum requirements and robust security.

Contribution

It presents the first MSQPC protocol that compares size relationships among multiple users using only single-particle measurements without entanglement or unitary operations.

Findings

Protocol accurately compares size relationships.

Resists outside and participant attacks.

Requires only single-particle measurements.

Abstract

By using d-level single-particle states, the first multi-party semiquantum private comparison (MSQPC) protocol which can judge the size relationship of private inputs from more than two classical users within one execution of protocol is put forward. This protocol requires the help of one quantum third party (TP) and one classical TP, both of whom are allowed to misbehave on their own but cannot conspire with anyone else. Neither quantum entanglement swapping nor unitary operations are necessary for implementing this protocol. TPs are only required to perform d-dimensional single-particle measurements. The correctness analysis validates the accuracy of the compared results. The security analysis verifies that both the outside attacks and the participant attacks can be resisted.