Thermalized Abrikosov lattices from decaying turbulence in rotating BECs

TL;DR

This paper investigates the decay of rotating turbulence in Bose-Einstein condensates, revealing a transition to a thermalized state with an Abrikosov lattice at high rotation rates through numerical simulations.

Contribution

It introduces methods to generate out-of-equilibrium and finite-temperature states of rotating BECs, and demonstrates a transition to a thermalized Abrikosov lattice in turbulent decay.

Findings

Identification of a transition in system dynamics with increasing rotation rate.

Observation of a final state with an Abrikosov lattice in decayed turbulence.

Development of numerical methods for simulating rotating BECs at finite temperature.

Abstract

We study the long-time decay of rotating turbulence in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). We consider the Gross-Pitaevskii equation in a rotating frame of reference, and review different formulations for the Hamiltonian of a rotating BEC. We discuss how the energy can be decomposed, and present a method to generate out-of-equilibrium initial conditions. We also present a method to generate finite-temperature states of rotating BECs compatible with the Canonical or the Grand canonical ensembles. Finally, we integrate numerically rotating BECs in cigar-shaped traps. A transition is found in the system dynamics as the rotation rate is increased, with a final state of the decay of the turbulent flow compatible with an Abrikosov lattice in a finite-temperature thermalized state.