Black hole mass estimation using X-ray variability measurements in Seyfert galaxies

TL;DR

This study evaluates the effectiveness of X-ray flux variability, specifically normalized excess variance, as a reliable method for estimating black hole masses in Seyfert galaxies, emphasizing data quality requirements.

Contribution

It establishes a new prescription for black hole mass estimation using X-ray variability in higher energy bands, with defined data quality standards and a derived linear relation.

Findings

Accurate BH mass measurement possible with high-quality X-ray variability data.

Minimum S/N of 3 and light-curve duration of ~100 ks are required.

Estimated BH masses have an uncertainty of 0.25 to 0.4 dex.

Abstract

Our objective is to critically assess the X-ray flux variability as a tool for measuring the black hole (BH) mass in active galactic nuclei (AGN). We aim to establish a prescription for estimating BH masses based on measurements of the normalised excess variance from X-ray data. We discuss the minimum requirements in terms of the light-curve duration and X-ray signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) to enable a reliable determination that is comparable to what can be derived from the continuum and emission line reverberation studies. We used the light curves of local Seyfert from the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array hard X-ray mission (NuSTAR), to compute the normalised excess variance (NXV) in the 3-10 and 10-20 keV bands, thus extending the analysis to an energy band higher than 10 keV. The excess variance measurements were then combined with independent BH mass estimates from the literature to establish the MBH versus NXV relation for different samples and weigh its accuracy in terms of the light-curve duration and X-ray S/N. We find that it is possible to accurately measure the BH mass in AGN using excess variance measurements in the 3-10 and the 10-20 keV bands, however, strong quality requirements should be applied. The minimum necessary S/N and duration of the light curves used to compute the excess variance ought to be 3 and approximately 100 ks, respectively. We provide a linear relationship between the normalised excess variance and the black hole mass that can be used to estimate the latter, with an average uncertainty of the order of 0.4 to 0.25 dex (depending on the adopted light-curve segment duration).