Estimating reddening of the continuum and broad-line region of active galactic nuclei: the mean reddening of NGC 5548 and the size of the accretion disc

TL;DR

This study estimates the reddening in NGC 5548 using multiple methods and reddening curves, revealing significant internal extinction that impacts accretion disc size measurements and supports the idea that reddening explains previous size discrepancies.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of reddening in NGC 5548 using seven methods and compares different reddening curves, highlighting the importance of internal extinction in AGN studies.

Findings

Total reddening is ~14 times greater than local dust reddening.

Steep SMC-like reddening curve is ruled out for NGC 5548.

Neglecting reddening underestimates the accretion disc size by a factor of ~2.6.

Abstract

We use seven different methods to estimate broad-line and continuum reddenings of NGC 5548. We investigate two possible reddening curves considered for active galactic nuclei (AGNs): the mean AGN reddening curve of Gaskell & Benker (2007) which is relatively flat in the ultraviolet, and a curve that rises strongly into the ultraviolet like a Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) reddening curve. We also consider a standard Milky Way curve. Regardless of the curve adopted, we find a total reddening ~14 times greater than the small amount of reddening due to dust in the solar neighbourhood. The UV-to-optical ratios rule out a steep SMC-like reddening curve for NGC 5548. The Milky Way and Gaskell & Benker curves give a mean reddening of E(B-V) = 0.25 +/- 0.02. The four non-hydrogen-line reddening indicators imply that the intrinsic hydrogen line ratios are consistent with Baker-Menzel case B values. The unreddened optical-to-UV spectral energy distribution is consistent with the predicted distribution for an externally-illuminated accretion disc. The reddening we derive for NGC 5548 is typical of previous estimates for type-1 AGNs. Neglecting internal extinction leads to an underestimate of the luminosity at 1200 Angstroms by a factor of seven. The size scale of the accretion disc has therefore been underestimated by a factor of ~2.6. This is similar to the accretion disc size discrepancy found in the 2013 AGNSTORM campaign and thus supports the proposal by Gaskell (2017) that the accretion disc size discrepancy is primarily due to the neglect of reddening.