Phase Shift-Free Passive Beamforming for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces

TL;DR

This paper introduces a low-cost, phase shift-free passive beamforming method for RIS-assisted wireless communications, simplifying hardware requirements while maintaining high performance and robustness against phase errors.

Contribution

It proposes a novel passive beamforming scheme that optimizes on/off states of RIS elements without phase shifts, achieving similar scaling laws as traditional methods.

Findings

Achieves quadratic SNR growth with RIS size

Less sensitive to spatial correlation and phase errors

Outperforms classical beamforming in simulations

Abstract

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted communications recently appeared as a game-changing technology for next-generation wireless communications due to its unprecedented ability to reform the propagation environment. One of the main aspects of using RISs is the exploitation of the so-called passive beamforming (PB), which is carried out by adjusting the reflection coefficients (mainly the phase shifts) of the individual RIS elements. However, practically, this individual phase shift adjustment is associated with many issues in hardware implementation, limiting the RIS achievable gain. In this paper, we propose a low-cost, phase shift-free and novel PB scheme by only optimizing the on/off states of the RIS elements while fixing their phase shifts. The proposed PB scheme is shown to achieve the same scaling law (quadratic growth with the RIS size) for the signal-to-noise ratio as in the classical phase shift-based PB scheme, yet, with far less sensitivity to spatial correlation and phase errors. We provide a unified mathematical analysis that characterizes the performance of the proposed PB scheme and obtain the outage probability for the considered RIS-assisted system. Based on the provided computer simulations, the proposed PB scheme is shown to have a clear superiority over the classical one under different performance metrics.