Contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ionization to neutral gas heating in galaxies: model versus observations

TL;DR

This study compares a molecular model of PAH ionization-driven gas heating with observations, showing that PAHs are the main source of neutral gas heating in various galactic environments, supported by good model-observation agreement.

Contribution

It provides a detailed comparison between PAH ionization models and observational diagnostics, using recent laboratory and quantum chemical data, demonstrating the model's effectiveness.

Findings

Model results agree well with observational diagnostics across diverse environments.

PAH photoelectric heating rates closely match observed gas cooling rates.

PAH ionization is confirmed as the primary source of neutral gas heating in galaxies.

Abstract

[Abridged] The ionization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), by ultraviolet (UV) photons from massive stars is expected to account for a large fraction of the heating of neutral gas in galaxies. Evaluation of this proposal, however, has been limited by our ability to directly compare observational diagnostics to the results of a molecular model describing PAH ionization. The objective of this article is to take advantage of the most recent values of molecular parameters derived from laboratory experiments and quantum chemical calculations on PAHs and provide a detailed comparison between modeled values and observational diagnostics for the PAH charge state and the heating efficiency for PAHs. Despite the use of a simple analytical model, we obtain a good agreement between model results and observational diagnostics over a wide range of radiation fields and physical conditions, in environments such as star-forming regions, galaxies, and protoplanetary disks. In addition, we found that the modeled photoelectric heating rates by PAHs are close to the observed cooling rates given by the gas emission. These results show that PAH ionization is the main source of neutral gas heating in these environments. The results of our photoelectric heating model by PAHs can thus be used to assess the contribution of UV radiative heating in galaxies (vs shocks, for instance). We provide the empirical formulas fitted to the model results, and the full python code itself, to calculate the heating rates and heating efficiencies for PAHs.