Multi-stage Stern-Gerlach experiment modeled (with additional appendices)

TL;DR

This paper introduces a co-quantum concept to explain electron-spin collapse in multi-stage Stern-Gerlach experiments, accurately predicting experimental results without fitting parameters.

Contribution

It proposes a new physical mechanism for electron-spin collapse that aligns with experimental data and reproduces quantum properties exactly.

Findings

Accurately predicts experimental observations with p-value < 1e-6.

Reproduces wave function, density operator, and uncertainty relations.

Provides a plausible physical mechanism for spin collapse.

Abstract

In the classic multi-stage Stern$-$Gerlach experiment conducted by Frisch and Segr\`e, the Majorana (Landau$-$Zener) and Rabi formulae diverge afar from the experimental observation while the physical mechanism for electron-spin collapse remains unidentified. Here, introducing the physical co-quantum concept provides a plausible physical mechanism and predicts the experimental observation in absolute units without fitting (i.e., no parameters adjusted) with a p-value less than one per million, which is the probability that the co-quantum theory happens to match the experimental observation purely by chance. Further, the co-quantum concept is corroborated by statistically reproducing exactly the wave function, density operator, and uncertainty relation for electron spin in Stern$-$Gerlach experiments.