Changes in the Na D$_1$ Absorption Components of $\eta$ Carinae Provide Clues on the Location of the Dissipating Central Occulter

TL;DR

This study analyzes the complex Na D absorption features in $\\eta$ Carinae's spectrum over years, revealing how changes in absorption components relate to a dissipating occulter and providing insights into the system's structure and environment.

Contribution

It offers new long-term observational evidence linking Na D absorption variability to the dissipation of a central occulter in $\\eta$ Carinae, suggesting the occulter's association with the Little Homunculus.

Findings

Decreased $-$145 km s$^{-1}$ absorption correlates with brightening of $\\eta$ Carinae.

Disappearance and reappearance of absorption features around periastron indicate dynamic changes in the occulter.

Identification of a foreground absorption component at $+$87 km s$^{-1}$ in the Carina Nebula.

Abstract

The Na D absorption doublet in the spectrum of $\eta$ Carinae is complex, with multiple absorption features associated with the Great Eruption (1840s), the Lesser Eruption (1890s), and interstellar clouds. The velocity profile is further complicated by the P Cygni profile originating in the system's stellar winds and blending with the He I $\lambda$5876 profile. The Na D profile contains a multitude of absorption components, including those at velocities of $-$145 km s$^{-1}$, $-$168 km s$^{-1}$, and $+$87 km s$^{-1}$ that we concentrate on in this analysis. Ground-based spectra recorded from 2008 to 2021 show significant variability of the $-$145 km s$^{-1}$ absorption throughout long-term observations. In the high ionization phases of $\eta$ Carinae prior to the 2020 periastron passage, this feature disappeared completely but briefly reappeared across the 2020 periastron, along with a second absorption at $-$168 km s$^{-1}$. Over the past few decades, $\eta$ Car has been gradually brightening demonstrated to be caused by a dissipating occulter. The decreasing absorption of the $-$145 km s$^{-1}$ component, coupled with similar trends seen in absorptions of ultraviolet resonant lines, indicate that this central occulter was possibly a large clump associated with the Little Homunculus or another clump between the Little Homunculus and the star. We also report on a foreground absorption component at $+$87 km s$^{-1}$. Comparison of Na D absorption in the spectra of nearby systems demonstrates that this red-shifted component likely originates in an extended foreground structure consistent with a previous ultraviolet spectral survey in the Carina Nebula.