Fractional Order Analysis of the Polytropic Models Applied to Exoplanets

TL;DR

This paper applies conformable fractional derivatives to polytropic models of exoplanets, analyzing their internal structure, density, pressure, and temperature profiles, and exploring how fractional parameters influence these properties.

Contribution

It introduces a fractional calculus approach to polytropic models, providing new insights into exoplanet interior structures with variable fractional parameters.

Findings

Fractional models reveal variations in mass-radius relations.

Pressure and temperature distributions depend on fractional parameters.

Results cover different planetary masses and polytropic indices.

Abstract

Physical conditions deep within planets and exoplanets have yet to be measured directly, but indirect methods can calculate them. The polytropic models are one possible solution to this problem. In the present paper, we assume that the interiors of planets follow a polytropic equation of state. Hydrostatic equilibrium conditions are used to determine the overall structural properties of the constituent matter. In the frame of the conformable fractional derivatives, we use polytropic gas spheres to model the density profiles, pressure profiles, temperature distributions, and the mass-radius relations for the interiors of the initial stage of exoplanets. Planets of single chemical composition were used to study the behavior of the mass-radius relation, pressure distributions, and temperature distribution variation with the fractional parameter. We calculated 72 fractional models for the mass of protoplanets of 1MJ, 3MJ, and 10MJ (MJ is the mass of Jupiter), and the values of the polytropic index are n=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and the fractional parameter rang 0.75-1.