Quantized current steps due to the a.c. coherent quantum phase-slip effect

TL;DR

This paper reports the first direct observation of quantized current steps due to the coherent quantum phase-slip effect in a superconducting nanowire, demonstrating a dual to the well-known Josephson effect and advancing quantum metrology.

Contribution

It presents the experimental realization of sharp dual Shapiro steps in a superconducting nanowire, overcoming previous material and engineering challenges.

Findings

Sharp current steps observed up to 26 GHz

Current values of 8.3 nA measured

Steps consistent with theoretical predictions

Abstract

The AC Josephson effect predicted in 1962 and observed experimentally in 1963 as quantised voltage steps (the Shapiro steps) from photon assisted tunnelling of Cooper pairs is among the most fundamental phenomena of quantum mechanics and is vital for metrological quantum voltage standards. The physically dual effect, the AC coherent quantum phase slip (CQPS), photon assisted tunnelling of magnetic fluxes through a superconducting nanowire, is envisaged to reveal itself as quantised current steps. The basic physical significance of the AC CQPS is also complemented by practical importance in future current standards; a missing element for closing the Quantum Metrology Triangle. In 2012, the CQPS was demonstrated as superposition of magnetic flux quanta in superconducting nanowires. However the direct sharp current steps in superconductors; the only unavailable basic effect of superconductivity to date, was unattainable due to lack of appropriate materials and challenges in circuit engineering. Here we report the direct observation of the dual Shapiro steps in a superconducting nanowire. The sharp steps are clear up to 26 GHz frequency with current values 8.3 nA and limited by the present setup bandwidth. The current steps have been theoretically predicted in small Josephson junctions (JJs) 30 years ago. However, broadening unavoidable in JJs prevents their direct experimental observation. We solve this problem by placing a thin NbN nanowire in an inductive environment.