r/K selection of GC content in prokaryotes

TL;DR

This study links prokaryotic GC content diversity to ecological r/K selection strategies, showing how genome traits correlate with environmental adaptation and resource utilization.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis connecting GC content with ecological traits and phenotypic plasticity, offering a new perspective on prokaryotic genome diversity.

Findings

High GC content prokaryotes are r-strategists with lower amino acid costs.

Low GC content prokaryotes are K-strategists adapted to stable environments.

GC content correlates with genome size and ecological strategies.

Abstract

The GC content of prokaryotic genomes is species-specific and takes values from 16 to 77 percent. There are currently no accepted explanations for this diversity of selection for GC content. We analyzed the known correlations between GC content, genome size and amino acid cost in thousands of prokaryotes, together with new or recently compiled data on cell shape and volume, duplication times, motility, nutrient assimilation, sporulation, defense mechanisms and Gram staining. GC content integrates well with these traits into r/K selection theory when phenotypic plasticity is considered. High GC content prokaryotes are r-strategists with cheaper descendants thanks to a lower average amino acid metabolic cost and a smaller cell volume, colonize unstable environments thanks to flagella and a bacillus form and are generalists in terms of resource opportunism and the ability to defend themselves from various hazards. Low GC content prokaryotes are K-strategists specialized for stable environments that maintain homeostasis via a high-cost outer cell membrane and endospore formation as a response to nutrient deprivation and attain a higher nutrient-to-biomass yield. The lower proteome cost of high GC content prokaryotes is driven by the association between GC-rich codons and cheaper amino acids in the genetic code, while the correlation between GC content and genome size may be partly due to a shift in the functional repertoire of genomes driven by r/K selection. In all, we show that molecular diversity in the GC content of prokaryotes and the corresponding species diversity may be a consequence of ecological r/K selection