Modeling Strangeness Enhancements to resolve the Muon Excess in Cosmic Ray Extensive Air Shower Data

TL;DR

This paper proposes a new strangeness enhancement model, called the strangeball model, to explain the muon excess in cosmic ray air showers, aligning with collider data and potentially resolving the muon puzzle.

Contribution

It introduces the strangeball model that enhances strangeness production in hadronic interactions to address the muon excess in air shower data.

Findings

Strangeness enhancement can resolve the muon puzzle within current collider energy ranges.

Approximately 40% of interactions at Tevatron and LHC energies produce strangeballs.

The model predicts a 5-9% increase in energy retained in the hadronic cascade.

Abstract

Experimental observations of extensive air showers have revealed an excess of the muon content with respect to their theoretical simulations, which we refer to as the muon puzzle. This muon puzzle hampers a precise determination of the ultra-high-energy cosmic ray mass composition. We investigate the potential of producing states of dense quark-gluon matter (which we call fireballs) to resolve the muon puzzle as quantified with data from the Pierre Auger Observatory on the depth of the shower maximum and the number of muons at ground. Adopting a phenomenological fireball model, we find that the inelasticity enhancement associated with the formation of a plasma state is in tension with data on the electromagnetic longitudinal shower development. Instead, we restrict the fireball model to only enhance the strangeness produced in Standard Model hadronic interactions, and dub this model the strangeball model. With an analytic approach based on the Heitler-Matthews model we then find explicit sets of strangeball parameters that resolve the muon puzzle. Constraints from data on shower-to-shower fluctuations of the muon number require strangeness enhancements already at energies accessible to current-generation collider experiments. At Tevatron and LHC energies we estimate 40% of the interactions to produce strangeballs, corresponding to a 5-9% increase of the average fraction of energy retained in the hadronic cascade compared to predictions from current hadronic interaction models. A comparison with relevant measurements of the LHCf and LHCb detectors does not directly exclude this scenario, though the obtained tension with LHCb suggests a stringent test at 14 TeV.