Development of the photo-diode subsystem for the HERD calorimeter double-readout

TL;DR

This paper discusses the design and testing of a photo-diode subsystem for the HERD calorimeter, enabling high dynamic range and low power consumption for cosmic-ray measurements in space.

Contribution

It introduces a novel photo-diode read-out system with high dynamic range and low power usage for the HERD calorimeter, supported by performance tests.

Findings

Achieved a dynamic range larger than 10^7.

Demonstrated good signal-to-noise ratio and calibration capability.

Validated the system's performance through multiple tests.

Abstract

The measurement of cosmic-ray individual spectra provides unique information regarding the origin and propagation of astro-particles. Due to the limited acceptance of current space experiments, protons and nuclei around the "knee" region ($\sim1\ PeV$) can only be observed by ground based experiments. Thanks to an innovative design, the High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) facility will allow direct observation up to this energy region: the instrument is mainly based on a 3D segmented, isotropic and homogeneous calorimeter which properly measures the energy of particles coming from each direction and it will be made of about 7500 LYSO cubic crystals. The read-out of the scintillation light is done with two independent systems: the first one based on wave-length shifting fibers coupled to Intensified scientific CMOS cameras, the second one is made of two photo-diodes with different active areas connected to a custom front-end electronics. This photo-diode system is designed to achieve a huge dynamic range, larger than $10^7$, while having a small power consumption, few mW per channel. Thanks to a good signal-to-noise ratio, the capability of a proper calibration, by using signals of both non-interacting and showering particles, is also guaranteed. In this paper, the current design and the performance obtained by several tests of the photo-diode read-out system are discussed.