How do the dynamics of the Milky Way -- Large Magellanic Cloud system affect gamma-ray constraints on particle dark matter?

TL;DR

This study investigates how the passage of the Large Magellanic Cloud affects the Milky Way's dark matter distribution and the resulting gamma-ray constraints on particle dark matter, using advanced simulations and Fermi-LAT data analysis.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed quantification of the impact of the LMC's dynamical influence on gamma-ray dark matter searches in the Milky Way.

Findings

LMC passage significantly alters the dark matter distribution in the MW.

The impact on gamma-ray constraints is comparable to current astrophysical uncertainties.

Dynamical effects can change the annihilation cross section limits by a similar magnitude to existing uncertainties.

Abstract

Previous studies on astrophysical dark matter (DM) constraints have all assumed that the Milky Way's (MW) DM halo can be modelled in isolation. However, recent work suggests that the MW's largest dwarf satellite, the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), has a mass of 10-20$\%$ that of the MW and is currently merging with our Galaxy. As a result, the DM haloes of the MW and LMC are expected to be strongly deformed. We here address and quantify the impact of the dynamical response caused by the passage of the LMC through the MW on the prospects for indirect DM searches. Utilising a set of state-of-the-art numerical simulations of the evolution of the MW-LMC system, we derive the DM distribution in both galaxies at the present time based on the Basis Function Expansion formalism. Consequently, we build $J$-factor all-sky maps of the MW-LMC system in order to study the impact of the LMC passage on gamma-ray indirect searches for thermally produced DM annihilating in the outer MW halo as well as within the LMC halo standalone. We conduct a detailed analysis of 12 years of Fermi-LAT data that incorporates various large-scale gamma-ray emission components and we quantify the systematic uncertainty associated with the imperfect knowledge of the astrophysical gamma-ray sources. We find that the dynamical response caused by the LMC passage can alter the constraints on the velocity-averaged annihilation cross section for weak scale particle DM at a level comparable to the existing observational uncertainty of the MW halo's density profile and total mass.