Proton number cumulants and correlation functions from hydrodynamics and the QCD phase diagram

TL;DR

This study uses hydrodynamic simulations to analyze proton number fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions, comparing results with experimental data to explore signs of critical phenomena in the QCD phase diagram.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive hydrodynamic approach that includes non-critical effects and compares with experimental data to identify potential critical point signals.

Findings

Experimental data align with non-critical physics at high energies

Lower energy data show excess proton correlations

Potential indication of a critical point in baryon-rich QCD region

Abstract

We analyze the behavior of (net-)proton number cumulants in central collisions of heavy ions across a broad collision energy range by utilizing hydrodynamic simulations. The calculations incorporate essential non-critical contributions to proton fluctuations such as repulsive baryonic core and exact baryon number conservation. The experimental data are consistent with non-critical physics at collision energies $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} \geq 20$ GeV. The data from STAR and HADES Collaborations at lower collision energies indicate an excess of (multi-)proton correlations over the non-critical reference. This observation is discussed in the context of different mechanisms, including the possibility of a critical point in the baryon-rich region of the QCD phase diagram.