Can Gaze Beat Touch? A Fitts' Law Evaluation of Gaze, Touch, and Mouse Inputs

TL;DR

This study compares gaze, touch, and mouse inputs using Fitts' Law, revealing that touch outperforms gaze in speed and efficiency, making it the most preferred input method on touch-enabled devices.

Contribution

It provides a standardized performance comparison of gaze, touch, and mouse inputs, including foot-based input, using ISO 9241-9 Fitts' Law evaluation in a desktop environment.

Findings

Touch input has the highest throughput and lowest movement time.

Gaze input has the lowest throughput and highest movement time.

Touch input is the most preferred modality among participants.

Abstract

Gaze input has been a promising substitute for mouse input for point and select interactions. Individuals with severe motor and speech disabilities primarily rely on gaze input for communication. Gaze input also serves as a hands-free input modality in the scenarios of situationally-induced impairments and disabilities (SIIDs). Hence, the performance of gaze input has often been compared to mouse input through standardized performance evaluation procedure like the Fitts' Law. With the proliferation of touch-enabled devices such as smartphones, tablet PCs, or any computing device with a touch surface, it is also important to compare the performance of gaze input to touch input. In this study, we conducted ISO 9241-9 Fitts' Law evaluation to compare the performance of multimodal gaze and foot-based input to touch input in a standard desktop environment, while using mouse input as the baseline. From a study involving 12 participants, we found that the gaze input has the lowest throughput (2.55 bits/s), and the highest movement time (1.04 s) of the three inputs. In addition, though touch input involves maximum physical movements, it achieved the highest throughput (6.67 bits/s), the least movement time (0.5 s), and was the most preferred input. While there are similarities in how quickly pointing can be moved from source to target location when using both gaze and touch inputs, target selection consumes maximum time with gaze input. Hence, with a throughput that is over 160% higher than gaze, touch proves to be a superior input modality.