An analytic model to calculate Voxel S-Values for $^{177}$Lu

TL;DR

This paper introduces an analytic model for calculating voxel S-Values for $^{177}$Lu in any cubic voxel geometry, simplifying and speeding up dosimetry calculations in targeted radionuclide therapy.

Contribution

The work develops a parametric analytic model that accurately estimates $^{177}$Lu Voxel S-Values across various voxel sizes, reducing reliance on extensive Monte Carlo simulations.

Findings

Model agrees with Monte Carlo data within 2 ext% for Rn ≤ 2

Model agrees within 6 ext% for Rn > 2

Enables quick calculation of VSVs using a simple spreadsheet

Abstract

Objective: $^{177}$Lu is one of the most employed isotopes in targeted radionuclide therapies and theranostics, and 3D internal dosimetry for such procedures has great importance. Voxel S-Values (VSVs) approach is widely used for this purpose, but VSVs are available for a limited number of voxel dimensions. The aim of this work is to develop an analytic model for the calculation of $^{177}$Lu-VSVs in any cubic voxelized geometry of practical interest. Approach: Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were implemented with the toolkit GAMOS to evaluate VSVs in voxelized geometries of soft tissue from a source of $^{177}$Lu homogeneously distributed in the central voxel. Nine geometric setups, containing 15x15x15 cubic voxels of sides l ranging from 2 mm to 6 mm, in steps of 0.5 mm, were considered. For each l, the VSVs computed as a function of the "normalized radius", Rn = R/l (with R = distance from the center of the source voxel), were fitted with a parametric function. The dependencies of the parameters as a function of l were then fitted with appropriate functions, in order to implement the model for deducing $^{177}$Lu-VSVs for any l within the aforementioned range. Main results: The MC-derived VSVs were satisfactorily compared with literature data for validation, and the VSVs computed with the analytic model agree with the MC ones within 2\% for Rn $\leq$ 2 and within 6\% for Rn > 2. Significance: The proposed model enables the easy and fast calculation, with a simple spreadsheet, of $^{177}$Lu-VSVs in any cubic voxelized geometry of practical interest, avoiding the necessity of implementing ad-hoc MC simulations to estimate VSVs for specific voxel dimensions not available in literature data.