Understanding star formation in molecular clouds IV. Column density PDFs from quiescent to massive molecular clouds

TL;DR

This study analyzes the column density probability distribution functions (N-PDFs) of 29 Galactic regions, revealing how cloud structure varies from diffuse to massive star-forming clouds and linking these patterns to physical processes like turbulence, feedback, and magnetic fields.

Contribution

It provides a detailed characterization of N-PDFs across diverse molecular clouds, connecting their shapes to physical mechanisms and cloud evolution stages.

Findings

N-PDFs are double-log-normal at low densities and show power law tails at high densities.

The first log-normal arises from atomic and molecular phases; the second from turbulence and feedback effects.

The slopes of power law tails relate to self-gravity, feedback, and magnetic field orientation.

Abstract

We present N-PDFs of 29 Galactic regions obtained from Herschel imaging at high angular resolution, covering diffuse and quiescent clouds, and those showing low-, intermediate-, and high-mass star formation (SF), and characterize the cloud structure using the Delta-variance tool. The N-PDFs are double-log-normal at low column densities, and display one or two power law tails (PLTs) at higher column densities. For diffuse, quiescent, and low-mass SF clouds, we propose that the two log-normals arise from the atomic and molecular phase, respectively. For massive clouds, we suggest that the first log-normal is built up by turbulently mixed H2 and the second one by compressed (via stellar feedback) molecular gas. Nearly all clouds have two PLTs with slopes consistent with self-gravity, where the second one can be flatter or steeper than the first one. A flatter PLT could be caused by stellar feedback or other physical processes that slow down collapse and reduce the flow of mass toward higher densities. The steeper slope could arise if the magnetic field is oriented perpendicular to the LOS column density distribution. The first deviation point (DP), where the N-PDF turns from log-normal into a PLT, shows a clustering around values of a visual extinction of AV (DP1) around 2-5. The second DP, which defines the break between the two PLTs, varies strongly. Using the Delta-variance, we observe that the AV value, where the slope changes between the first and second PLT, increases with the characteristic size scale in the variance spectrum. We conclude that at low column densities, atomic and molecular gas is turbulently mixed, while at high column densities, the gas is fully molecular and dominated by self-gravity. The best fitting model N-PDFs of molecular clouds is thus one with log-normal low column density distributions, followed by one or two PLTs.