"Diophantine'' and Factorisation Properties of Finite Orthogonal Polynomials in the Askey Scheme

TL;DR

This paper investigates the Diophantine and factorisation properties of finite orthogonal polynomials within the Askey scheme, revealing their eigenvector structure, higher degree zero-norm eigenvectors, and introducing multi-indexed variants via Darboux transformations.

Contribution

It provides a new interpretation of these properties, demonstrates their occurrence at higher degrees, and introduces multi-indexed orthogonal polynomials with explicit transformation formulas.

Findings

Higher degree polynomials are zero-norm eigenvectors of associated matrices.

Multi-indexed orthogonal polynomials can be constructed using Darboux transformations.

Shape-invariance of the multi-indexed polynomials is explicitly demonstrated.

Abstract

A new interpretation and applications of the ``Diophantine'' and factorisation properties of {\em finite} orthogonal polynomials in the Askey scheme are explored. The corresponding twelve polynomials are the ($q$-)Racah, (dual, $q$-)Hahn, Krawtchouk and five types of $q$-Krawtchouk. These ($q$-)hypergeometric polynomials, defined only for the degrees of $0,1,\ldots,N$, constitute the main part of the eigenvectors of $N+1$-dimensional tri-diagonal real symmetric matrices, which correspond to the difference equations governing the polynomials. The {\em monic} versions of these polynomials all exhibit the ``Diophantine'' and factorisation properties at higher degrees than $N$. This simply means that these higher degree polynomials are zero-norm ``eigenvectors'' of the $N+1$-dimensional tri-diagonal real symmetric matrices. A new type of multi-indexed orthogonal polynomials belonging to these twelve polynomials could be introduced by using the higher degree polynomials as the seed solutions of the multiple Darboux transformations for the corresponding matrix eigenvalue problems. The shape-invariance properties of the simplest type of the multi-indexed polynomials are demonstrated. The explicit transformation formulas are presented.