Was Entropy Conserved between BBN and Recombination?

TL;DR

This paper investigates whether entropy was conserved between Big Bang nucleosynthesis and recombination by analyzing decay scenarios of a massive particle into photons and relativistic species, using cosmological data to constrain these processes.

Contribution

It introduces new constraints on decay scenarios of massive particles affecting entropy and radiation content between nucleosynthesis and recombination, integrating multiple observational bounds.

Findings

Decay of particles with 56-71% energy to photons minimally alters N_eff.

Spectral distortion bounds restrict particle decay rate to >1.91×10^{-6} s^{-1}.

Primordial deuterium abundance limits the particle's energy density contribution to 2.35%.

Abstract

We test the assumption of entropy conservation between Big Bang nucleosynthesis and recombination by considering a massive particle that decays into a mixture of photons and other relativistic species. We employ Planck temperature and polarization anisotropies, COBE/FIRAS spectral distortion bounds, and the observed primordial deuterium abundance to constrain these decay scenarios. If between $56\%$ and $71\%$ of the decaying particle's energy is transferred to photons, then $N_{\mathrm{eff}}$ at recombination is minimally altered, and Planck data alone allows for significant entropy injection. If photons are injected by the decay, the addition of spectral distortion bounds restricts the decay rate of the particle to be $\Gamma_Y > 1.91\times10^{-6} \text{s}^{-1}$ at $95\%$ confidence level (C.L.). We find that constraints on the energy density of the decaying particle are significantly enhanced by the inclusion of bounds on the primordial deuterium abundance, allowing the particle to contribute at most $2.35\%$ ($95\%$ C.L.) of the energy density of the universe before decaying.