Effects of Hydrogen vs. Helium on Electromagnetic Black Hole Observables

TL;DR

This study investigates how the hydrogen and helium content in accreting gas around supermassive black holes affects observable features like spectra and polarization, using analytic and numerical models.

Contribution

It provides new insights into how gas composition influences electromagnetic observables of black hole accretion, highlighting the importance of helium fraction in modeling.

Findings

Helium increases gas temperature at fixed ion-to-electron temperature ratio.

Emission shifts to high plasma beta regions, affecting image morphology.

Helium flows peak at higher frequencies and have higher luminosities.

Abstract

The centers of our galaxy and the nearby Messier 87 are known to contain supermassive black holes, which support accretion flows that radiate across the electromagnetic spectrum. Although the composition of the accreting gas is unknown, it is likely a mix of ionized hydrogen and helium. We use a simple analytic model and a suite of numerical general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic accretion simulations to study how polarimetric images and spectral energy distributions of the source are influenced by the hydrogen/helium content of the accreting matter. We aim to identify general trends rather than make quantitatively precise predictions, since it is not possible to fully explore the parameter space of accretion models. If the ion-to-electron temperature ratio is fixed, then increasing the helium fraction increases the gas temperature; to match the observational flux density constraints, the number density of electrons and magnetic field strengths must therefore decrease. In our numerical simulations, emission shifts from regions of low to high plasma beta -- both altering the morphology of the image and decreasing the variability of the light curve -- especially in strongly magnetized models with emission close to the midplane. In polarized images, we find that the model gas composition influences the degree to which linear polarization is (de)scrambled and therefore affects estimates for the resolved linear polarization fraction. We also find that the spectra of helium-composition flows peak at higher frequencies and exhibit higher luminosities. We conclude that gas composition may play an important role in predictive models for black hole accretion.