Tilting Uranus via Secular Spin-Orbit Resonance with Planet 9

TL;DR

This paper investigates whether the hypothetical Planet Nine could have caused Uranus' extreme tilt through secular spin-orbit resonance, supported by N-body simulations showing plausible obliquity excitation.

Contribution

It introduces a novel hypothesis that Planet Nine's migration could have driven Uranus' obliquity via secular resonance, supported by extensive simulation analysis.

Findings

Planet Nine can induce Uranus' obliquity to exceed 98 degrees in simulations.

High obliquity excitation requires a faster Uranus spin-axis precession rate.

The feasibility depends on Uranus' primordial precession rate, which is uncertain.

Abstract

Uranus' startlingly large obliquity of 98 degrees has yet to admit a satisfactory explanation. The most widely accepted hypothesis involving a giant impactor that tipped Uranus onto its side encounters several difficulties with regards to the Uranus' spin rate and its prograde satellite system. An obliquity increase that was driven by capture of Uranus into a secular spin-orbit resonance remains a possible alternative hypothesis that avoids many of the issues associated with a giant impact. We propose that secular spin-orbit resonance could have excited Uranus' obliquity to its present day value if it was driven by the outward migration of an as-yet undetected outer Solar System body commonly known as Planet Nine. We draw support for our hypothesis from an analysis of 123 N-body simulations with varying parameters for Planet Nine and its migration. We find that in multiple instances, a simulated Planet Nine drives Uranus' obliquity past 98 degrees, with a significant number falling within 10 percent of this value. We note a significant caveat to our results in that a much faster than present-day spin-axis precession rate for Uranus is required in all cases for it to reach high obliquities. We conclude that while it was in principle possible for Planet Nine (if it exists) to have been responsible for Uranus' obliquity, the feasibility of such a result hinges on Uranus' primordial precession rate.