Day-ahead Schedule Considering the Participation of Electric Vehicles in Primary Frequency Response

TL;DR

This paper develops a day-ahead scheduling model that incorporates electric vehicle batteries as flexible resources for primary frequency response in renewable-dominated power systems, enhancing stability and market participation.

Contribution

It introduces a novel scheduling model that enables PEVs to participate actively in electricity markets for reserve and frequency support.

Findings

PEV participation improves system stability.

The model effectively schedules PEVs for frequency response.

Implementation shows practical feasibility in a real distribution system.

Abstract

The insertion of renewable sources in power systems may cause a decrease in the system's equivalent inertia, which result in the instability of the power system. On the other hand, energy storage systems have proven to be an effective tool to increase the flexibility in the operation of energy systems, which may favor integrating renewable energy sources. In this way, plug-in electric vehicle (PEVs) batteries can be used as storages when such vehicles are parked and connected to the grid. In this work, the contribution of PEVs to primary frequency response is analyzed in systems dominated by renewable sources. A day-ahead scheduling model is developed considering PEVs groups can actively participate in electricity markets, supporting day-ahead reserve capacity and providing primary frequency response. The proposed model is implemented in the distribution system of the Federal University of Amap\'a.