Toward a Population Synthesis of Disks and Planets I. Evolution of Dust with Entrainment in Winds and Radiation Pressure

TL;DR

This paper models dust dynamics in protoplanetary disks, focusing on dust entrainment in winds and radiation pressure effects, to improve understanding of dust evolution relevant to planet formation.

Contribution

It extends a planet formation model to include detailed dust entrainment processes in winds and radiation pressure, exploring a wide parameter space.

Findings

Pebble-sized dust drift dominates entrainment when growth is resistant to fragmentation.

Fragile dust shattering increases dust entrainment by an order of magnitude.

Radiation pressure disperses dusty disks over hundreds of millions of years.

Abstract

Millimeter astronomy provides valuable information on the birthplaces of planetary systems. In order to compare theoretical models with observations, the dust component has to be carefully calculated. Here, we aim to study the effects of dust entrainment in photoevaporative winds and the ejection and drag of dust due to effects caused by radiation from the central star. We improved and extended the existing implementation of a two-population dust and pebble description in the global Bern/Heidelberg planet formation and evolution model. Modern prescriptions for photoevaporative winds were used and we account for settling and advection of dust when calculating entrainment rates. In order to prepare for future population studies with varying conditions, we explore a wide range of disk-, photoevaporation-, and dust-parameters. We find that if dust can grow to pebble sizes, that is, if they are resistant to fragmentation or turbulence is weak, drift dominates and the entrained mass is small but larger than under the assumption of no vertical advection of grains with the gas flow. For the case of fragile dust shattering at velocities of 1 m/s - as indicated in laboratory experiments -, an order of magnitude more dust is entrained which becomes the main dust removal process. Radiation pressure effects disperse massive, dusty disks on timescales of a few 100 Myr. These results highlight the importance of dust entrainment in winds as a solid mass removal process. Furthermore, this model extension lies the basis for future statistical studies of planet formation in their birth environment.