Load Modulation for Backscatter Communication: Channel Capacity and Near-Capacity Schemes

TL;DR

This paper analyzes the channel capacity of backscatter communication with load modulation, unifies different BC models, and proposes practical schemes to approach near-capacity data rates.

Contribution

It provides a unified circuit-based model for various BC types, derives the channel capacity, and introduces practical modulation schemes to achieve near-capacity performance.

Findings

Channel capacity is linked to peak-power-limited quadrature Gaussian channels.

Modulating resistance and reactance enhances high-rate performance.

Practical load circuits can attain near-capacity rates.

Abstract

In backscatter communication (BC), a passive tag transmits information by just affecting an external electromagnetic field through load modulation. Thereby, the feed current of the excited tag antenna is modulated by adapting the passive termination load. This paper studies the achievable information rates with a freely adaptable passive load. As a prerequisite, we unify monostatic, bistatic, and ambient BC with circuit-based system modeling. We present the crucial insight that channel capacity is described by existing results on peak-power-limited quadrature Gaussian channels, because the steady-state tag current phasor lies on a disk. Consequently, we derive the channel capacity for the case of an unmodulated external field, for general passive, purely reactive, or purely resistive tag loads. We find that modulating both resistance and reactance is important for very high rates. We discuss the capacity-achieving load statistics, rate asymptotics, technical conclusions, and rate losses from value-range-constrained loads (which are found to be small for moderate constraints). We then demonstrate that near-capacity rates can be attained by more practical schemes: (i) amplitude-and-phase-shift keying on the reflection coefficient and (ii) simple load circuits of a few switched resistors and capacitors. Finally, we draw conclusions for the ambient BC channel capacity in important special cases.