$p$-Adic quotient sets: linear recurrence sequences

TL;DR

This paper investigates the conditions under which the quotient sets of linear recurrence sequences are dense in the p-adic numbers, providing new criteria and examples, and addressing an open question in the field.

Contribution

It offers a sufficient condition for the p-adic denseness of quotient sets of specific linear recurrence sequences and constructs examples where the quotient set is not dense.

Findings

A sufficient condition for denseness in -adic numbers.

Existence of infinitely many recurrence sequences with non-dense quotient sets.

Analysis of quotient sets for sequences with coefficients in arithmetic and geometric progressions.

Abstract

Let $(x_n)_{n\geq0}$ be a linear recurrence of order $k\geq2$ satisfying $$x_n=a_1x_{n-1}+a_2x_{n-2}+\dots+a_kx_{n-k}$$ for all integers $n\geq k$, where $a_1,\dots,a_k,x_0,\dots, x_{k-1}\in \mathbb{Z},$ with $a_k\neq0$. In [`The quotient set of $k$-generalised Fibonacci numbers is dense in $\mathbb{Q}_p$', \emph{Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.} \textbf{96} (2017), 24-29], Sanna posed an open question to classify primes $p$ for which the quotient set of $(x_n)_{n\geq0}$ is dense in $\mathbb{Q}_p$. In this article, we find a sufficient condition for denseness of the quotient set of the $k$th-order linear recurrence $(x_n)_{n\geq0}$ satisfying $ x_{n}=a_1x_{n-1}+a_2x_{n-2}+\dots+a_kx_{n-k}$ for all integers $n\geq k$ with initial values $x_0=\dots=x_{k-2}=0,x_{k-1}=1$, where $a_1,\dots,a_k\in \mathbb{Z}$ and $a_k=1$. We show that given a prime $p$, there exist infinitely many recurrence sequences of order $k\geq 2$ so that their quotient sets are not dense in $\mathbb{Q}_p$. We also study the quotient sets of linear recurrence sequences with coefficients in some arithmetic and geometric progressions.