Actomyosin-driven division of a synthetic cell

TL;DR

This paper reviews recent advances in reconstituting minimal actin-based division machinery in synthetic cells, highlighting physical principles, proposed design routes, and future challenges for creating a synthetic cytokinesis system.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of current strategies and conceptual frameworks for building minimal actin-driven division systems in synthetic biology.

Findings

Two major routes for constructing actin division machinery are proposed.

The passive and active roles of lipid membranes in cytokinesis are acknowledged.

Roadmap for future reconstitution challenges is outlined.

Abstract

One of the major challenges of bottom-up synthetic biology is rebuilding a minimal division machinery. The animal cell division apparatus is mechanically the simplest, in which an actin-based ring constricts the membrane, as compared to microbes and plant cells where a cell wall is involved. Furthermore, reconstitution of the actin division machinery helps to understand the physical and molecular mechanisms of cytokinesis in animal cells and thus our own cells. In this review, we describe the state-of-the-art research on reconstitution of minimal actin-mediated cytokinetic machineries. Based on the conceptual requirements that we obtained from the physics of the shape changes involved in cell division, we propose two major routes for building a minimal actin apparatus capable of division. Importantly, we acknowledge both the passive and active roles that the confining lipid membrane can play in synthetic cytokinesis. We conclude this chapter by identifying the most pressing challenges for future reconstitution work, thereby laying out a roadmap for building a synthetic cell equipped with a minimal actin division machinery.