Post-field ionization of Si clusters in atom probe tomography: A joint theoretical and experimental study

TL;DR

This study combines theoretical and experimental methods to understand post-field ionization in atom probe tomography, aiming to resolve mass peak overlaps and improve compositional accuracy.

Contribution

It introduces a predictive approach based on Kingham PFI theory to analyze molecular ion charge states in APT, enhancing peak identification accuracy.

Findings

Kingham PFI theory effectively models Si cluster charge states.

Post-field ionization behavior varies with operating conditions.

Transferability of the model to different materials is demonstrated.

Abstract

A major challenge for Atom Probe Tomography (APT) quantification is the inability to decouple ions which possess the same mass/charge-state ($m/n$) ratio but a different mass. For example, $^{75}{\rm{As}}^{+}$ and $^{75}{\rm{As}}{_2}^{2+}$ at ~75 Da or $^{14}{\rm{N}}^+$ and $^{28}{\rm{Si}}^{2+}$ at ~14 Da, cannot be differentiated without the additional knowledge of their kinetic energy or a significant improvement of the mass resolving power. Such mass peak overlaps lead to ambiguities in peak assignment, resulting in compositional uncertainty and an incorrect labelling of the atoms in a reconstructed volume. In the absence of a practical technology for measuring the kinetic energy of the field-evaporated ions, we propose and then explore the applicability of a post-experimental analytical approach to resolve this problem based on the fundamental process that governs the production of multiply charged molecular ions/clusters in APT, i.e., Post-Field Ionization (PFI). The ability to predict the PFI behaviour of molecular ions as a function of operating conditions could offer the first step towards resolving peak overlap and minimizing compositional uncertainty. We explore this possibility by comparing the field dependence of the charge-state-ratio for Si clusters ($\rm{Si}_2$, $\rm{Si}_3$ and $\rm{Si}_4$) with theoretical predictions using the widely accepted Kingham PFI theory. We then discuss the model parameters that may affect the quality of the fit and the possible ways in which the PFI of molecular ions in APT can be better understood. Finally, we test the transferability of the proposed approach to different material systems and outline ways forward for achieving more reliable results.