Stability of exact solutions of the $(2+1)$-dimensional nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation with arbitrary nonlinearity parameter $\kappa$

TL;DR

This paper investigates the stability of exact solutions to the 2+1 dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation with arbitrary nonlinearity, revealing how external potentials influence stability domains and identifying critical mass thresholds for different perturbations.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive stability analysis of NLSE solutions with arbitrary nonlinearity in 2+1 dimensions, including theoretical, numerical, and approximate methods, extending to arbitrary initial data and dimensions.

Findings

External potential widens stability domains compared to unconfined case

Existence of a critical mass M*() for stability of solutions

Identification of two critical masses for width and translational perturbations

Abstract

In this work, we consider the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation (NLSE) in $2+1$ dimensions with arbitrary nonlinearity exponent $\kappa$ in the presence of an external confining potential. Exact solutions to the system are constructed, and their stability over their "mass" (i.e., the $L^2$ norm) and the parameter $\kappa$ is explored. We observe both theoretically and numerically that the presence of the confining potential leads to wider domains of stability over the parameter space compared to the unconfined case. Our analysis suggests the existence of a stable regime of solutions for all $\kappa$ as long as their mass is less than a critical value $M^{\ast}(\kappa)$. Furthermore, we find that there are two different critical masses, one corresponding to width perturbations and the other one to translational perturbations. The results of Derrick's theorem are also obtained by studying the small amplitude regime of a four-parameter collective coordinate (4CC) approximation. A numerical stability analysis of the NLSE shows that the instability curve $M^{\ast}(\kappa)$ vs. $\kappa$ lies below the two curves found by Derrick's theorem and the 4CC approximation. In the absence of the external potential, $\kappa=1$ demarcates the separation between the blowup regime and the stable regime. In this 4CC approximation, for $\kappa<1$, when the mass is above the critical mass for the translational instability, quite complicated motions of the collective coordinates are possible. Energy conservation prevents the blowup of the solution as well as confines the center of the solution to a finite spatial domain. We call this regime the "frustrated" blowup regime and give some illustrations. In an appendix, we show how to extend these results to arbitrary initial ground state solution data and arbitrary spatial dimension $d$.