MeerKAT radio observations of the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary Cen X-4 at low accretion rates

TL;DR

This study used MeerKAT radio observations combined with X-ray monitoring to investigate the coupling between accretion and jet ejection in the quiescent neutron star binary Cen X-4, finding no radio detection and refining luminosity correlations.

Contribution

First simultaneous radio and X-ray observations of Cen X-4 during quiescence and faint activity, providing new constraints on its radio emission and accretion-jet coupling.

Findings

Cen X-4 was not detected in radio during quiescence or faint activity.

Radio luminosity constraints were improved and Cen X-4 is fainter than similar systems.

Results support the idea that neutron star binaries are less radio luminous than transitional pulsars at similar X-ray luminosities.

Abstract

Centaurus X-4 (Cen X-4) is a relatively nearby neutron star low-mass X-ray binary that showed outbursts in 1969 and 1979, but has not shown a full outburst since. Due to its proximity and sustained period of quiescence, it is a prime target to study the coupling between accretion and jet ejection in quiescent neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries. Here, we present four MeerKAT radio observations at 1.3 GHz of Cen X-4, combined with NICER and Swift X-ray monitoring. During the first and most sensitive observation, Cen X-4 was in a fully quiescent X-ray state. The three later and shorter observations targeted a brief period of faint X-ray activity in January 2021, which has been referred to as a 'mis-fired' outburst. Cen X-4 is not detected in any of the four MeerKAT observations. We place these radio non-detections on the X-ray -- radio luminosity diagram, improving the constraints on the correlation between the two luminosities from earlier quiescent radio studies. We confirm that Cen X-4 is radio fainter than the transitional milli-second pulsar PSR J1023+0038 at the same X-ray luminosity. We discuss the radio behaviour of accreting neutron stars at low X-ray luminosity more generally and finally comment on future observing campaigns.