A candidate relativistic tidal disruption event at 340 Mpc

TL;DR

This paper reports on a rare, evolving radio jet from a galaxy's nucleus, likely caused by a tidal disruption event, providing insights into jet formation and black hole accretion processes.

Contribution

It presents the discovery and detailed analysis of a nascent, off-axis jet associated with a tidal disruption event, a phenomenon rarely observed and poorly understood.

Findings

Radio luminosity increased over 25 years, indicating jet development.

Jet energy estimated at 10^{51-52} erg, with a radius of about 0.7 pc.

Spectral evolution suggests a slowing jet over ~3000 days.

Abstract

We present observations of an extreme radio flare, VT J024345.70-284040.08, hereafter VT J0243, from the nucleus of a galaxy with evidence for historic Seyfert activity at redshift $z=0.074$. Between NRAO VLA Sky Survey observations in 1993 to VLA Sky Survey observations in 2018, VT J0243 rose from a ${\sim}$GHz radio luminosity of $\nu L_\nu \lesssim 10^{38}$ erg s$^{-1}$ to $\nu L_\nu{\sim}10^{40}$ erg s$^{-1}$, and still continues to brighten. The radio spectral energy distribution (SED) evolution is consistent with a nascent jet that has slowed over ${\sim}3000$ days with an average $0.1 < \langle \beta \rangle < 0.6$. The jet is energetic (${\sim}10^{51-52}$ erg), and had a radius ${\sim}0.7$ pc in Dec. 2021. X-ray observations suggest a persistent or evolving corona, possibly associated with an accretion disk, and IR and optical observations constrain any high-energy counterpart to be sub-Eddington. VT J0243 may be an example of a young, off-axis radio jet from a slowly evolving tidal disruption event. Other more mysterious triggers for the accretion enhancement and jet launching are possible. In either case, VT J0243 is a unique example of a nascent jet, highlighting the unknown connection between supermassive black holes, the properties of their accretion flows, and jet launching.