Increasing ventilation reduces SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission in schools: a retrospective cohort study in Italy's Marche region

TL;DR

Increasing ventilation in classrooms significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission, with higher ventilation rates providing up to 80% risk reduction, as demonstrated by a large retrospective study and theoretical models.

Contribution

This study provides empirical evidence linking increased ventilation rates to reduced COVID-19 transmission in schools, validated by theoretical modeling.

Findings

Ventilation of 10-14 L s$^{-1}$ per student reduces infection risk by 80%.

Each additional unit of ventilation rate per person decreases risk by 12-15%.

High ventilation rates (>10 L s$^{-1}$) are essential for effective airborne transmission prevention.

Abstract

Background: While increasing the ventilation rate is an important measure to remove inhalable virus-laden respiratory particles and lower the risk of infection, direct validation in schools with population-based studies is far from definitive. Methods: We investigated the strength of association between ventilation and SARS-CoV-2 transmission reported among the students of Italy's Marche region in more than 10,000 classrooms, of which 316 were equipped with mechanical ventilation. We used ordinary and logistic regression models to explore the relative risk associated with the exposure of students in classrooms. Findings: For classrooms equipped with mechanical ventilation systems, the relative risk of infection decreased with the increase in ventilation: ventilation ranging from 10 to 14 L s-1 student-1 reduced the likelihood of infection for students by 80% compared with a classroom with only natural ventilation. From the regression analysis, as confirmed by the predictive theoretical approach, we obtained a relative risk reduction in the range 12%-15% for each additional unit of ventilation rate per person. Interpretation: We need high ventilation rates (> 10 L s$^{-1}$ student$^{-1}$) to protect students in classrooms from airborne transmission; this is higher than the rate needed to ensure indoor air quality. The excellent agreement between the results from the retrospective cohort study and the outcomes of the predictive theoretical approach makes it possible to assess the risk of airborne transmission for any indoor environment.