The Tucana dwarf spheroidal: a distant backsplash galaxy of M31?

TL;DR

This study uses cosmological simulations to identify and analyze backsplash dwarf galaxies in the Local Group, proposing Tucana dSph as a potential distant backsplash galaxy ejected from M31 or M33, explaining its properties.

Contribution

The paper introduces a method to identify distant backsplash galaxies in the Local Group and suggests Tucana dSph as a candidate ejected from M31 or M33, linking its star formation history to orbital history.

Findings

More than half of dwarfs between 1-2 r200 are backsplash.

Tucana's velocity and position suggest it was ejected from M31 or M33.

Tucana's star formation history aligns with early orbital interactions.

Abstract

We use the APOSTLE Local Group (LG) cosmological hydro-simulations to examine the properties of "backsplash" galaxies, i.e, dwarfs which were within the virial boundaries of the Milky Way (MW) or M31 in the past, but are today outside their virial radius ($r_{200}$). More than half of all dwarfs between $1-2\,r_{200}$ of each primary are backsplash. More distant backsplash systems, i.e., those reaching distances well beyond $2\,r_{200}$, are typically close to apocentre of nearly radial orbits, and, therefore, essentially at rest relative to their primary. We use this result to investigate which LG dwarfs beyond $\sim500$ kpc of either primary could be a distant backsplash satellite of MW or M31. Tucana dSph, one of the few known quiescent LG field dwarfs, at $d_{\rm M31}\approx1350$ kpc and $d_{\rm MW}\approx880$ kpc, is a promising candidate. Tucana's radial velocity is consistent with being at rest relative to M31. Further, Tucana is located close to M33's orbital plane around M31, and simple orbit integrations indicate that Tucana may have been ejected during an early pericentric passage of M33 $\sim11$ Gyr ago, a timing which approximately coincides with Tucana's last episode of star formation. We suggest that Tucana may have been an early-infalling satellite of M31 or M33, providing a compelling explanation for its puzzling lack of gas and ongoing star formation despite its isolated nature. In this scenario, M33 should have completed some orbits around M31, a result that may help to explain the relative dearth of M33 satellite-candidates identified so far.