Spatiotemporal dynamics of classical and quantum density profiles in low-dimensional spin systems

TL;DR

This study compares quantum and classical spin system dynamics, revealing that quantum models can be efficiently simulated with minimal noise using quantum typicality, while classical models require extensive averaging, yet both exhibit similar hydrodynamic behavior.

Contribution

It demonstrates that quantum and classical spin dynamics show remarkable agreement, and introduces an efficient quantum simulation method based on quantum typicality for large systems.

Findings

Quantum typicality enables low-noise simulation of large quantum spin systems.

Classical spin models require extensive averaging to reduce noise.

Quantum and classical spin dynamics show similar hydrodynamic scaling.

Abstract

We provide a detailed comparison between the dynamics of high-temperature spatiotemporal correlation functions in quantum and classical spin models. In the quantum case, our large-scale numerics are based on the concept of quantum typicality, which exploits the fact that random pure quantum states can faithfully approximate ensemble averages, allowing the simulation of spin-$1/2$ systems with up to $40$ lattice sites. Due to the exponentially growing Hilbert space, we find that for such system sizes even a single random state is sufficient to yield results with extremely low noise that is negligible for most practical purposes. In contrast, a classical analog of typicality is missing. In particular, we demonstrate that, in order to obtain data with a similar level of noise in the classical case, extensive averaging over classical trajectories is required, no matter how large the system size. Focusing on (quasi-)one-dimensional spin chains and ladders, we find a remarkably good agreement between quantum and classical dynamics. This applies not only to cases where both the quantum and classical model are nonintegrable, but also to cases where the quantum spin-$1/2$ model is integrable and the corresponding classical $s\to\infty$ model is not. Our analysis is based on the comparison of space-time profiles of the spin and energy correlation functions, where the agreement is found to hold not only in the bulk but also in the tails of the resulting density distribution. The mean-squared displacement of the density profiles reflects the nature of emerging hydrodynamics and is found to exhibit similar scaling for quantum and classical models.