A correlation between Ha trough depth and inclination in quiescent X-ray transients: evidence for a low-mass black hole in GRO J0422+32

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new method linking Ha emission line trough depth to binary inclination in quiescent black hole X-ray transients, enabling mass estimates and revealing the existence of low-mass black holes within the mass gap.

Contribution

The study presents a novel correlation between Ha trough depth and inclination, allowing inclination and mass estimates without relying on photometric light curves.

Findings

GRO J0422+32 contains a low-mass black hole within the mass gap.

The method accurately estimates inclination for GRO J0422+32 and Swift J1357-0933.

The existence of low-mass black holes suggests the mass gap is due to observational biases.

Abstract

We present a new method to derive binary inclinations in quiescent black hole (BH) X-ray transients (XRTs), based on the depth of the trough (T) from double-peaked Ha emission profiles arising in accretion discs. We find that the inclination angle (i) is linearly correlated with T in phase-averaged spectra with sufficient orbital coverage (>~50 per cent) and spectral resolution, following i (deg)=93.5 x T +23.7. The correlation is caused by a combination of line opacity and local broadening, where a leading (excess broadening) component scales with the de-projected velocity of the outer disc. Interestingly, such scaling allows to estimate the fundamental ratio M1/Porb by simply resolving the intrinsic width of the double-peak profile. We apply the T-i correlation to derive binary inclinations for GRO J0422+32 and Swift J1357-0933, two BH XRTs where strong flickering activity has hindered determining their values through ellipsoidal fits to photometric light curves. Remarkably, the inclination derived for GRO J0422+32 (i=55.6+-4.1) implies a BH mass of 2.7+0.7-0.5 Msun thus placing it within the gap that separates BHs from neutron stars. This result proves that low-mass BHs exist in nature and strongly suggests that the so-called "mass gap" is mainly produced by low number statistics and possibly observational biases. On the other hand, we find that Swift J1357-0933 contains a 10.9+1.7-1.6 Msun BH seen nearly edge on (i=87.4+2.6-5.6 deg). Such extreme inclination, however, should be treated with caution since it relies on extrapolating the T-i correlation beyond i>~75 deg, where it has not yet been tested.