Particle acceleration and radiation reaction in a strongly magnetized rotating dipole

TL;DR

This paper presents a new numerical simulation method for studying particle acceleration and radiation reaction effects in the extreme magnetic fields of neutron stars, revealing how different particles reach high energies and how radiation damping influences their trajectories.

Contribution

The authors developed an exact analytical particle pusher with radiation reaction in a rotating dipole, enabling simulations of ultra-relativistic particles in realistic neutron star environments.

Findings

Electrons reach Lorentz factors up to 10^8-10^9, protons up to 10^5-10^6, and iron nuclei up to 10^4-10^5.

Electrons are significantly decelerated by radiation reaction, reducing their maximum Lorentz factor by about two orders of magnitude.

Radiation reaction limit trajectories agree well with the reduced Landau-Lifshitz approximation.

Abstract

Abridged. Neutron stars are surrounded by ultra-relativistic particles efficiently accelerated by ultra strong electromagnetic fields. However so far, no numerical simulations were able to handle such extreme regimes of very high Lorentz factors and magnetic field strengths. It is the purpose of this paper to study particle acceleration and radiation reaction damping in a rotating magnetic dipole with realistic field strengths typical of millisecond and young pulsars as well as of magnetars. To this end, we implemented an exact analytical particle pusher including radiation reaction in the reduced Landau-Lifshitz approximation where the electromagnetic field is assumed constant in time and uniform in space during one time step integration. The position update is performed using a velocity Verlet method. We extensively tested our algorithm against time independent background electromagnetic fields like the electric drift in cross electric and magnetic fields and the magnetic drift and mirror motion in a dipole. Eventually, we apply it to realistic neutron star environments. We investigated particle acceleration and the impact of radiation reaction for electrons, protons and iron nuclei plunged around millisecond pulsars, young pulsars and magnetars, comparing it to situations without radiation reaction. We found that the maximum Lorentz factor depends on the particle species but only weakly on the neutron star type. Electrons reach energies up to $\gamma_e \approx 10^8-10^9$ whereas protons energies up to $\gamma_p \approx 10^5-10^6$ and iron up to $\gamma \approx 10^4-10^5$. While protons and irons are not affected by radiation reaction, electrons are drastically decelerated, reducing their maximum Lorentz factor by 2 orders of magnitude. We also found that the radiation reaction limit trajectories fairly agree with the reduced Landau-Lifshitz approximation in almost all cases.