A LOOK at Outbursts of Comet C/2014 UN$_{271}$ (Bernardinelli-Bernstein) Near 20 au

TL;DR

This study investigates the activity of comet C/2014 UN$_{271}$ (Bernardinelli-Bernstein) at 19-20 au, revealing outbursts and possible CO-driven activity, shedding light on comet behavior in the outer solar system.

Contribution

First detailed optical photometry analysis of a distant Oort cloud comet showing outbursts at large heliocentric distances.

Findings

Detected three outbursts ejecting 10^7 to 10^8 kg of material.

Outbursts may be common among comets at large distances.

Quiescent activity possibly driven by CO sublimation.

Abstract

Cometary activity may be driven by ices with very low sublimation temperatures, such as carbon monoxide ice, which can sublimate at distances well beyond 20 au. This point is emphasized by the discovery of Oort cloud comet C/2014 UN$_{271}$ (Bernardinelli-Bernstein), and its observed activity out to $\sim$26 au. Through observations of this comet's optical brightness and behavior, we can potentially discern the drivers of activity in the outer solar system. We present a study of the activity of comet Bernardinelli-Bernstein with broad-band optical photometry taken at 19-20 au from the Sun (2021 June to 2022 February) as part of the LCO Outbursting Objects Key (LOOK) Project. Our analysis shows that the comet's optical brightness during this period was initially dominated by cometary outbursts, stochastic events that ejected $\sim10^7$ to $\sim10^8$ kg of material on short (< 1 day) timescales. We present evidence for three such outbursts occurring in 2021 June and September. The nominal nuclear volumes excavated by these events are similar to the 10-100 m pit-shaped voids on the surfaces of short-period comet nuclei, as imaged by spacecraft. Two out of three Oort cloud comets observed at large pre-perihelion distances exhibit outburst behavior near 20 au, suggesting such events may be common in this population. In addition, quiescent CO-driven activity may account for the brightness of the comet in 2022 January to February, but that variations in the cometary active area (i.e., the amount of sublimating ice) with heliocentric distance are also possible.