Particles of negative and zero energy in black holes and cosmological models

TL;DR

This paper investigates the existence of particles with negative and zero energies in various black hole and cosmological models, revealing their presence in most cases except for certain rotating universe scenarios.

Contribution

It demonstrates that particles with negative and zero energies can exist in black hole horizons and flat cosmological models, expanding understanding of energy states in these spacetimes.

Findings

Negative energy particles are present inside Schwarzschild black holes and in Milne's universe.

Zero energy particles can occur in black hole horizons and Milne's universe.

Negative energies are absent only in the G"{o}del rotating universe model with nondiagonal terms.

Abstract

Particles with negative energies are considered for three different cases: inside of horizon of Schwarzschild black hole, Milne's coordinates in flat Minkowski space-time (Milne's universe using nonsynchronous coordinates) and in cosmological G\"{o}del model of the rotating universe. It is shown that differently from the G\"{o}del model with nondiagonal term where it occurs that negative energies are impossible they are present in all other cases considered in the paper. Particles with zero energy are also possible in first two cases.