Stability and Hopf bifurcation analysis of a two state delay differential equation modeling the human respiratory system

TL;DR

This paper analyzes a delay differential equation model of the human respiratory system, focusing on stability and Hopf bifurcation phenomena caused by transport delays, supported by analytical and numerical results.

Contribution

It provides a detailed stability and bifurcation analysis of a two-state delay model for respiratory dynamics, including explicit bifurcation direction and stability conditions.

Findings

Delay causes loss of stability and Hopf bifurcation.

Stable regions depend on delay and other parameters.

Numerical simulations confirm analytical predictions.

Abstract

We study the two state model which describes the balance equation for carbon dioxide and oxygen. These are nonlinear parameter dependent and because of the transport delay in the respiratory control system, they are modeled with delay differential equation. So, the dynamics of a two state one delay model are investigated. By choosing the delay as a parameter, the stability and Hopf bifurcation conditions are obtained. We notice that as the delay passes through its critical value, the positive equilibrium loses its stability and Hopf bifurcation occurs. The stable region of the system with delay against the other parameters and bifurcation diagrams are also plotted. The three dimensional stability chart of the two state model is constructed. We find that the delay parameter has effect on the stability but not on the equilibrium state. The explicit derivation of the direction of Hopf bifurcation and the stability of the bifurcation periodic solutions are determined with the help of normal form theory and center manifold theorem to delay differential equations. Finally, some numerical example and simulations are carried out to confirm the analytical findings. The numerical simulations verify the theoretical results.