Exploring the transition from BCS to unitarity without Cooper pairs: the Pauli principle, normal modes and superfluidity

TL;DR

This paper investigates the BCS to unitarity transition in ultracold Fermi gases using a normal mode approach instead of traditional Cooper pairing, demonstrating that superfluidity can be described through normal modes across different interaction regimes.

Contribution

It introduces a normal mode framework for describing superfluidity in Fermi gases, providing an alternative to pairing models and extending analysis beyond the unitary regime.

Findings

Normal modes accurately describe energies and thermodynamics.

Superfluidity can be modeled without Cooper pairs.

Results agree with experimental and benchmark data.

Abstract

The transition from the weakly interacting BCS regime to the strongly interacting unitary regime is explored for ultracold trapped Fermi gases assuming a normal mode description of the gas instead of the conventional Cooper pairing. The Pauli principle is applied ``on paper'' by using specific normal mode assignments. Energies, entropies, critical temperatures, and an excitation frequency are studied and compared to existing results in the literature. These normal modes have been derived analytically for N identical, confined particles from a first-order L=0 group theoretic solution of a three-dimensional Hamiltonian with a general two-body interaction. In previous studies, normal modes were able to describe the unitary regime obtaining ground state energies comparable to benchmark results and thermodynamics quantities in excellent agreement with experiment. In a recent study, the behavior of the normal mode frequencies was investigated for Hamiltonians with a range of interparticle interaction strengths from BCS to unitarity in the first test of this approach beyond the unitary regime, and a microscopic basis of the large excitation gaps and universal behavior at unitarity was proposed. Based on the success of these earlier studies, the current paper continues to explore the ability of normal modes to describe superfluidity along the BCS to unitarity transition. The results confirm earlier conclusions that the physics of superfluidity can be described using normal modes across a wide range of interparticle interaction strengths and offer an alternative to the two-body pairing models commonly used to describe superfluidity along this transition.