A Flat-Spectrum Radio Transient at 122 Mpc consistent with an Emerging Pulsar Wind Nebula

TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of a unique, flat-spectrum radio transient in a dwarf galaxy, likely an emerging pulsar wind nebula powered by a highly magnetized neutron star, challenging traditional explosion models.

Contribution

It introduces the first candidate of a decades-old pulsar wind nebula emerging from supernova ejecta, expanding understanding of radio transients and their origins.

Findings

Radio transient with flat spectrum and slow fading observed.

Proposed as a pulsar wind nebula emerging from supernova ejecta.

Central neutron star likely highly magnetized with a short spin period.

Abstract

We report the discovery and follow-up observations of VT 1137-0337: an unusual radio transient found in our systematic search for extragalactic explosions in the VLA Sky Survey (VLASS). VT 1137-0337 is located in the brightest region of a dwarf starburst galaxy (stellar mass $\sim 10^{8.3} M_{\odot}$, star formation rate $\sim 0.5 M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$) at a luminosity distance of 121.6 Mpc. Its 3 GHz luminosity of $\sim 2.5 \times 10^{28}$ erg s$^{-1}$ Hz$^{-1}$ is comparable to luminous radio supernovae associated with dense circumstellar interaction and relativistic outflows. However, its broadband radio spectrum - a featureless power law $\propto \nu^{-0.35 \pm 0.02}$ over a range of $\gtrsim$10$\times$ in frequency and fading at a rate of $\sim$ 5% per year over 4 years - cannot be directly explained by the shock of a stellar explosion. Jets launched by various classes of accreting black holes also struggle to account for VT 1137-0337's combination of observational properties. Instead, we propose that VT 1137-0337 is a $\sim$decades old pulsar wind nebula that has recently emerged from within the free-free opacity of its surrounding supernova ejecta. If the nebula is powered by spindown, the central neutron star should be highly magnetized, with a surface dipole field of $\sim 10^{13} - 10^{14}$ G and a present-day spin period of $\sim 10 - 100$ ms. Alternatively, the nebula may be powered by the release of magnetic energy from a magnetar. Magnetar nebulae have been proposed to explain the persistent radio sources associated with the repeating fast radio bursts FRB 121102 and FRB 190520B. These FRB persistent sources have not previously been observed as transients, but do bear a striking resemblance to VT 1137-0337 in their radio luminosity, spectral index, and host galaxy properties.