Flatland: abelian extensions of the Standard Model with semi-simple completions

TL;DR

This paper systematically characterizes all possible abelian extensions of the Standard Model that can be embedded into anomaly-free semi-simple gauge theories, providing a classification, numerical insights, and a computational tool for model building.

Contribution

It introduces a parametrization of abelian extensions of the Standard Model with semi-simple completions and provides a software tool to identify such embeddings.

Findings

Approximately 2.5% of anomaly-free U(1)_X extensions embed in semi-simple theories.

Any vector-like anomaly-free abelian extension embeds in su(12)⊕su(2)_L⊕su(2)_R.

The space of abelian extensions forms a collection of low-dimensional planes.

Abstract

We parametrise the space of all possible flavour non-universal $\mathfrak{u}(1)_X$ extensions of the Standard Model that embed inside anomaly-free semi-simple gauge theories, including up to three right-handed neutrinos. More generally, we parametrise all abelian extensions (i.e.) by any number of $\mathfrak{u}(1)$'s) of the SM with such semi-simple completions. The resulting space of abelian extensions is a collection of planes of dimensions $\leq 6$. Numerically, we find that roughly $2.5\%$ of anomaly-free $\mathfrak{u}(1)_X$ extensions of the SM with a maximum charge ratio of $\pm 10$ can be embedded in such semi-simple gauge theories. Any vector-like anomaly-free abelian extension embeds (at least) inside $\mathfrak{g} = \mathfrak{su}(12)\oplus \mathfrak{su}(2)_L\oplus \mathfrak{su}(2)_R$. We also provide a simple computer program that tests whether a given $\mathfrak{u}(1)_{X^1}\oplus \mathfrak{u}(1)_{X^2}\oplus \dots$ charge assignment has a semi-simple completion and, if it does, outputs a set of maximal gauge algebras in which the $\mathfrak{sm}\oplus\mathfrak{u}(1)_{X^1}\oplus \mathfrak{u}(1)_{X^2}\oplus \dots$ model may be embedded. We hope this is a useful tool in pointing the way from $\mathfrak{sm} \oplus\mathfrak{u}(1)_{X^1}\oplus \mathfrak{u}(1)_{X^2}\oplus \dots$ models, which have many phenomenological uses, to their unified gauge completions in the ultraviolet.