Global apocalypse at the turn of the first Millennium AD? Climate fluctuations, astronomic phenomena and socio-political turbulences in 10th and 11th century Byzantium and Japan in comparative perspective

TL;DR

This paper compares how natural phenomena like comets and climate anomalies influenced apocalyptic beliefs and socio-political unrest in Byzantium and Japan around the first Millennium AD.

Contribution

It provides a comparative analysis of natural and socio-political factors shaping apocalyptic expectations in Byzantium and Japan during the 10th and 11th centuries.

Findings

Parallel astronomical observations influenced apocalyptic beliefs

Climate anomalies correlated with socio-political unrest

Natural phenomena impacted religious interpretations

Abstract

Around the turn of the first Millennium AD, both in Christian polities such as the Byzantine Empire as well as in Buddhist communities such as in Heian Japan, expectations of an end of times emerged. Although based on different religious and independent chronological interpretations, they gained attraction at the same time due to the parallel observation and interpretation of the same astronomical phenomena (such as sightings of Halley's Comet in 989 AD) or of simultaneous climate anomalies, which can partly be connected with the Oort Solar Minimum of the 11th century. This paper explores and compares the interplay between natural phenomena, political and religious unrest and apocalyptic interpretations on the basis of historical and natural scientific evidence.