Zeeman-Hyperfine Measurements of a Pseudo-Degenerate Quadruplet in CaF$_2$:Ho$^{3+}$

TL;DR

This study investigates Zeeman effects in Ho$^{3+}$ ions in CaF$_2$, revealing complex splittings and demonstrating the predictive power of crystal-field models, with implications for quantum information storage.

Contribution

The paper provides detailed Zeeman spectroscopy data and validates a crystal-field model for Ho$^{3+}$ in CaF$_2$, highlighting anti-crossings relevant to quantum information.

Findings

Strong non-linear Zeeman splittings observed.

Crystal-field analysis accurately reproduces spectral features.

Predicted anti-crossings have implications for quantum memory.

Abstract

We report Zeeman infra-red spectroscopy of electronic-nuclear levels of $^5$I$_8 \rightarrow ^5$I$_7$ transitions of Ho$^{3+}$ in the C$_{\rm 4v}$(F$^-$) centre in CaF$_2$ with the magnetic field along the $\langle 111\rangle$ direction of the crystal. Transitions to the lowest $^5$I$_7$ state, an isolated electronic doublet, and the next group of states, a pseudo-quadruplet consisting of a doublet and two nearby singlets, exhibit strongly non-linear Zeeman splittings and intensity variations. Simulated spectra based upon a crystal-field analysis give an excellent approximation to the data, illustrating the strong predictive ability of the parametrised crystal-field approach. Anti-crossings in the hyperfine splittings, the basis of quantum information storage in rare-earth doped insulating dielectrics, are also predicted.