Visualization of internal forces inside the proton in a classical relativistic model

TL;DR

This paper explores a classical relativistic model of a proton, analyzing how long-range forces influence the internal force distribution and the interpretation of the D-term form factor within the energy-momentum tensor framework.

Contribution

It introduces a classical model of a proton that accounts for long-range forces, highlighting the need to redefine the D-term in such systems.

Findings

Long-range forces significantly affect the internal force structure.

The D-term form factor requires careful redefinition in the presence of long-range interactions.

Classical models can provide insights into proton internal forces.

Abstract

A classical model of a stable particle of finite size is studied. The model parameters can be chosen such that the described particle has the mass and radius of a proton. Using the energy-momentum tensor (EMT), we show how the presence of long-range forces alters some notions taken for granted in short-range systems. We focus our attention on the D-term form factor. The important conclusion is that a more careful definition of the D-term may be required when long-range forces are present.