Electronic measurements of entropy in meso- and nanoscale systems

TL;DR

This paper reviews recent methods for directly measuring entropy in mesoscopic quantum systems using electronic measurements, providing insights into microscopic states without relying on heat capacity techniques.

Contribution

It offers a comprehensive overview of electronic entropy measurement techniques, comparing their applicability and discussing future research directions.

Findings

Electronic measurements enable entropy determination in nanoscale systems.

Methods have been successfully applied to quantum dots, molecules, and 2D materials.

Future extensions could broaden the scope of entropy measurements.

Abstract

Entropy is one of the most fundamental quantities in physics. For systems with few degrees of freedom, the value of entropy provides a powerful insight into its microscopic dynamics, such as the number, degeneracy and relative energies of electronic states, the value of spin, degree of localisation and entanglement, and the emergence of exotic states such as non-Abelian anyons. As the size of a system decreases, the conventional methods for measuring entropy, based on heat capacity, quickly become infeasible due to the requirement of increasingly accurate measurements of heat. Several methods to directly measure entropy of mesoscopic quantum systems have recently been developed. These methods use electronic measurements of charge, conductance and thermocurrent, rather than heat, and have been successfully applied to a wide range of systems, from quantum dots and molecules, to quantum Hall states and twisted bilayer graphene. In this Review, we provide an overview of electronic direct entropy measurement methods, discuss their theoretical background, compare their ranges of applicability and look into the directions for their future extensions and applications.