The 3d O(4) model as an effective approach to the QCD phase diagram

TL;DR

This paper investigates the QCD phase diagram using an effective 3D O(4) model, which avoids the sign problem and provides insights into the critical line and crossover behavior at finite baryon chemical potential.

Contribution

It demonstrates that the 3D O(4) model can effectively simulate aspects of the QCD phase diagram, including the critical line and crossover, without encountering the sign problem.

Findings

Critical line shape agrees with other models

No critical endpoint found up to ~300 MeV

Model captures topological aspects of baryon number

Abstract

The QCD phase diagram is one of the most prominent outstanding puzzles within the Standard Model. Various experiments, which aim at its exploration beyond small baryon density, are operating or in preparation. From the theoretical side, this is an issue of non-perturbative QCD, and therefore of lattice simulations. However, a finite baryon density entails a technical problem (known as the ``sign problem''), which has not been overcome so far. Here we present a study of an effective theory, the O(4) non-linear sigma model. It performs spontaneous symmetry breaking with the same Lie group structure as 2-flavor QCD in the chiral limit, which strongly suggests that they belong to the same universality class. Since we are interested in high temperature, we further assume dimensional reduction to the 3d O(4) model, which implies topological sectors. As pointed out by Skyrme, Wilczek and others, its topological charge takes the r\^{o}le of the baryon number. Hence the baryon chemical potential $\mu_{B}$ appears as an imaginary vacuum angle, which can be included in the lattice simulation without any sign problem. We present numerical results for the critical line in the chiral limit, and for the crossover in the presence of light quark masses. Their shapes are compatible with other predictions, but up to the value of about $\mu_{B} \approx 300~{\rm MeV}$ we do not find the notorious Critical Endpoint (CEP).