Probing cold gas in a massive, compact star-forming galaxy at z=6

TL;DR

This study reports the first detection of CO(2-1) in a main-sequence galaxy at z>6, revealing a starburst phase with high efficiency and providing insights into early galaxy evolution and gas properties.

Contribution

It presents the first CO(2-1) detection in a z>6 galaxy, demonstrating high star formation efficiency and validating dust-based gas mass estimates at high redshift.

Findings

Galaxy has a short depletion time-scale (~50 Myr)

Gas fraction is relatively low (0.30) compared to lower redshift galaxies

Detection highlights the need for future sensitive facilities like ngVLA

Abstract

Observations of low order CO transitions represent the most direct way to study galaxies' cold molecular gas, the fuel of star formation. Here we present the first detection of CO(2-1) in a galaxy lying on the main-sequence of star-forming galaxies at z>6. Our target, G09-83808 at z=6.03, has a short depletion time-scale of T_dep~50Myr and a relatively low gas fraction of M_gas/M_star=0.30 that contrasts with those measured for lower redshift main-sequence galaxies. We conclude that this galaxy is undergoing a starburst episode with a high star formation efficiency that might be the result of gas compression within its compact rotating disk. Its starburst-like nature is further supported by its high star formation rate surface density, thus favoring the use of the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation as a more precise diagnostic diagram for starbursts. Without further significant gas accretion, this galaxy would become a compact, massive quiescent galaxy at z~5.5. In addition, we find that the calibration for estimating ISM masses from dust continuum emission satisfactorily reproduces the gas mass derived from the CO(2-1) transition (within a factor of ~2). This is in line with previous studies claiming a small redshift evolution in the gas-to-dust ratio of massive, metal-rich galaxies. In the absence of gravitational amplification, this detection would have required of order ~1000h of observing time. The detection of cold molecular gas in unlensed star-forming galaxies at high redshifts is thus prohibitive with current facilities and requires a ten-fold improvement in sensitivity, such as that envisaged for the ngVLA.