Theory and Applications of Probabilistic Kolmogorov Complexity

TL;DR

This paper surveys the development and applications of probabilistic, time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity, addressing challenges in its theory, especially in randomized settings, and highlighting open problems and future research directions.

Contribution

It introduces probabilistic time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity and discusses its applications, open problems, and potential research directions in theoretical computer science.

Findings

Probabilistic notions of time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity have been developed recently.

These measures help address issues with classical complexity in randomized contexts.

The survey highlights open problems and future research directions.

Abstract

Diverse applications of Kolmogorov complexity to learning [CIKK16], circuit complexity [OPS19], cryptography [LP20], average-case complexity [Hir21], and proof search [Kra22] have been discovered in recent years. Since the running time of algorithms is a key resource in these fields, it is crucial in the corresponding arguments to consider time-bounded variants of Kolmogorov complexity. While fruitful interactions between time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity and different areas of theoretical computer science have been known for quite a while (e.g., [Sip83, Ko91, ABK+06, AF09], to name a few), the aforementioned results have led to a renewed interest in this topic. The theory of Kolmogorov complexity is well understood, but many useful results and properties of Kolmogorov complexity are not known to hold in time-bounded settings. This creates technical difficulties or leads to conditional results when applying methods from time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity to algorithms and complexity theory. Perhaps even more importantly, in many cases it is necessary to consider randomised algorithms. Since random strings have high complexity, the classical theory of time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity might be inappropriate in such contexts. To mitigate these issues and develop a theory of time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity that survives in the setting of randomised computations, some recent papers [Oli19, LO21, LOS21, GKLO22, LOZ22] have explored probabilistic notions of time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity, such as $\mathsf{rKt}$ complexity [Oli19], $\mathsf{rK}^t$ complexity [LOS21], and $\mathsf{pK}^t$ complexity [GKLO22]. These measures consider different ways of encoding an object via a probabilistic representation. In this survey, we provide an introduction to probabilistic time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity and its applications, highlighting many open problems and research directions.